Features
- High Performance, Low Power AVR 8-Bit Microcontroller
- Advanced RISC Architecture
– 131 Powerful Instructions – Most Single Clock Cycle Execution
– 32 x 8 General Purpose Working Registers
– Fully Static Operation
– Up to 20 MIPS Throughput at 20 MHz
– On-chip 2-cycle Multiplier
– 4/8/16/32K Bytes of In-System Self-Programmable Flash progam memory (ATmega48P/88P/168P/328P)
– 256/512/512/1K Bytes EEPROM (ATmega48P/88P/168P/328P)
– 512/1K/1K/2K Bytes Internal SRAM (ATmega48P/88P/168P/328P)
– Write/Erase Cycles: 10,000 Flash/100,000 EEPROM
– Data retention: 20 years at 85°C/100 years at 25°C
– Optional Boot Code Section with Independent Lock Bits
- In-System Programming by On-chip Boot Program
- True Read-While-Write Operation
– Programming Lock for Software Security
– Two 8-bit Timer/Counters with Separate Prescaler and Compare Mode
– One 16-bit Timer/Counter with Separate Prescaler, Compare Mode, and Capture Mode
– Real Time Counter with Separate Oscillator
– Six PWM Channels
– 8-channel 10-bit ADC in TQFP and QFN/MLF package
– 6-channel 10-bit ADC in PDIP Package Temperature Measurement
– Programmable Serial USART
– Master/Slave SPI Serial Interface
– Byte-oriented 2-wire Serial Interface (Philips I2C compatible)
– Programmable Watchdog Timer with Separate On-chip Oscillator
– On-chip Analog Comparator
– Interrupt and Wake-up on Pin Change

Atmega 16 Pinout Diagram

Features· High-performance, Low-power AVR® 8-bit Microcontroller· Advanced RISC Architecture ­ 131 Powerful Instructions ­ Most Single-clock Cycle Execution­ 32 x 8 General Purpose Working Registers­ Fully Static Operation­ Up to 16 MIPS Throughput at 16 MHz­ On-chip 2-cycle Multiplier · High Endurance Non-volatile Memory segments ­ 16K Bytes of In-System Self-programmable Flash program memory­ 512 Bytes EEPROM 8-bit ­ 1K Byte Internal SRAM­ Write/Erase Cycles: 10,000 Flash/100,000 EEPROM Microcontroller ­ Data retention: 20 years at 85°C/100 years at 25°C(1)­ Optional Boot Code Section with Independent Lock Bits with 16K Bytes In-System Programming by On-chip Boot Program True Read-While-Write Operation ­ Programming Lock for Software Security In-System · JTAG (IEEE std. 1149.1 Compliant) Interface ­ Boundary-scan Capabilities According to the JTAG Standard Programmable ­ Extensive On-chip Debug Support­ Programming of Flash, EEPROM, Fuses, and Lock Bits through the JTAG Interface Flash · Peripheral Features ­ Two 8-bit Timer/Counters with Separate Prescalers and Compare Modes­ One 16-bit Timer/Counter with Separate Prescaler, Compare Mode, and Capture Mode ATmega16 ­ Real Time Counter with Separate Oscillator­ Four PWM Channels ATmega16L ­ 8-channel, 10-bit ADC 8 Single-ended Channels7 Differential Channels in TQFP Package Only2 Differential Channels with Programmable Gain at 1x, 10x, or 200x ­ Byte-oriented Two-wire Serial Interface­ Programmable Serial USART­ Master/Slave SPI Serial Interface­ Programmable Watchdog Timer with Separate On-chip Oscillator­ On-chip Analog Comparator

PIC16F873A PIC16F874A PIC16F876A PIC16F876A  Enhanced Flash
• Only 35 single-word instructions to learn• All single-cycle instructions except for program
branches, which are two-cycle

• Operating speed: DC – 20 MHz clock input
DC – 200 ns instruction cycle
• Up to 8K x 14 words of Flash Program Memory,
Up to 368 x 8 bytes of Data Memory (RAM),
Up to 256 x 8 bytes of EEPROM Data Memory

• Pinout compatible to other 28-pin or 40/44-pin
PIC16CXXX and PIC16FXXX microcontrollers

 
Peripheral Features:

• Timer0: 8-bit timer/counter with 8-bit prescaler
• Timer1: 16-bit timer/counter with prescaler,

can be incremented during Sleep via external

crystal/clock
• Timer2: 8-bit timer/counter with 8-bit period
register, prescaler and postscaler
• Two Capture, Compare, PWM modules
- Capture is 16-bit, max. resolution is 12.5 ns
- Compare is 16-bit, max. resolution is 200 ns
- PWM max. resolution is 10-bit
• Synchronous Serial Port (SSP) with SPI™
(Master mode) and I
• Universal Synchronous Asynchronous Receiver
Transmitter (USART/SCI) with 9-bit address
detection

• Parallel Slave Port (PSP) – 8 bits wide with
external RD, WR and CS controls (40/44-pin only)
• Brown-out detection circuitry for
Brown-out Reset (BOR)
I2C™ (Master/Slave)

Analog Features:
• 10-bit, up to 8-channel Analog-to-Digital
Converter (A/D)
• Brown-out Reset (BOR)
• Analog Comparator module with:
- Two analog comparators
- Programmable on-chip voltage reference

Peripheral Features:
• Timer0: 8-bit timer/counter with 8-bit prescaler
• Timer1: 16-bit timer/counter with prescaler,
can be incremented during Sleep via external

crystal/clock
• Timer2: 8-bit timer/counter with 8-bit period
register, prescaler and postscaler
• Two Capture, Compare, PWM modules
- Capture is 16-bit, max. resolution is 12.5 ns
- Compare is 16-bit, max. resolution is 200 ns
- PWM max. resolution is 10-bit
• Synchronous Serial Port (SSP) with SPI™
(Master mode) and I
• Universal Synchronous Asynchronous Receiver
Transmitter (USART/SCI) with 9-bit address
detection
• Parallel Slave Port (PSP) – 8 bits wide with
external RD, WR and CS controls (40/44-pin only)
• Brown-out detection circuitry for
Brown-out Reset (BOR)
2C™ (Master/Slave)

Analog Features:
• 10-bit, up to 8-channel Analog-to-Digital
Converter (A/D)
• Brown-out Reset (BOR)
• Analog Comparator module with:
- Two analog comparators
- Programmable on-chip voltage reference

Application areas include limit comparators, simple analog to digital converters; pulse, squarewave and time delay generators; wide range VCO; MOS clock timers; multivibrators
and high voltage digital logic gates. The LM393 series was designed to directly interface with TTL and CMOS. When operated from both plus and minus power supplies, the LM393 series will directly interface with MOS logic where their low power drain is a distinct advantage over standard comparators.

Advantages:
High precision comparators
Reduced VOS drift over temperature
Eliminates need for dual supplies
Allows sensing near ground
Compatible with all forms of logic
Power drain suitable for battery operation

The XBee modules us the ISM (Industrial, Scientific & Medical) 2.4 GHz frequency band

Key Features:

Long-range Data IntegrityXBee
Indoor/Urban: up to 100′ (30 m)
Outdoor line-of-sight: up to 300′ (100m)
Transmit Power: 1 mW (0dBm)
Receiver Sensitivity: -92 dBmXBee-PRO
Indoor/Urban: up to 300′ (90 m)
Outdoor line-of-sight: up to 1 mile (1600m)
Transmit Power: 63mW (18dBm) EIRP
Receiver Sensitivity: -100 dBm (1% packet error rate)
RF Data Rate: 250,000 bpsAdvanced Networking & Security
Retries and Acknowledgements
Self-routing, self-healing mesh networking
DSSS (Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum)

Serial communications:

The XBee/XBee-PRO 2.4 DigiMesh OEM RF Modules interface to a host device through a logic-level asynchronous serial port. Through its serial port, the module can communicate with any logic and voltage compatible UART; or through a level translator to any serial device (For example: Through a Digi proprietary RS-232 or USB interface board).

Absolute maximim ratings:

Collector-base voltage (IE = 0) 100 V
Collector-emitter voltage (IB = 0) 100 V
Emitter-base voltage (IC = 0) 5 V
Collector current 3 A
Collector peak current 5 A
Base current 1 A
Total dissipation at Tcase = 25°C
Total dissipation at Tamb = 25°C
Storage temperature -65 to 150 °C
Max. operating junction temperature 150 °C